More than 60 countries signed the world’s first United Nations treaty to combat cybercrime on Saturday in Hanoi, aiming to strengthen global cooperation against rising digital threats.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres hailed the agreement as “a beginning, not an end.”

However, human rights groups and tech companies warned the treaty’s vague language could enable governments to expand online surveillance.

The initiative stems from a Russian proposal introduced in 2017 and unanimously adopted last year.